Discovering Lichens of North Eastern Ohio : Collection and Herbarium Blog
Lichen Specimen 1: Chrysothrix Candelaris "Goldust lichen"
Figure 1 Showing Chrysothrix Candelaris in natural habitat image provided by (Smith et al 2005)
Figure2: Morphology-showing psuedofoliose structure and soredia
Name: Chyrsothrix Candelaris "Gold Dust Lichen”
Collection Date: September 13, 2011
Habitat:This specimen was found growing on the side of a tall oak tree near the entrance of the park.
Location:South Chagrin Reservation, Ohio
Description: "C. candelaris is bright yellow, orange-yellow, or greenish-yellow. It obtains its yellow pigment partially from its absoption of sulphur. It has a powdery (leprose) appearance, a superficial thallus and lacks apothecia, and isidia. It covers the substrate like a crust and therefore belongs to the leprose group of lichens."(J. Dean 2008)
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps
Key C: Sterile Crustose Lichens pg. 122
1. Soredia or isidia present......10
10.Isidia absent......15
15(10) Soredia compromising entire thallus........16
16. Thallus yellowish green, greenish yellow, bright yellow, or orange
19. Thallus yolk-yellow, lemon yellow, yellow orange, or orange- yellow.......21
21. Soredia K- (anthraquinones absent, calcycin present)..........22
22. Thallus uniformly leprose, the soredia not clustered or associated with granules; in shaded humid habitats........Chrysothrix Candelaris
Ecology Often found on bark, wood, stone (mainly rhyolite) in dry and shaded microhabitats. It covers the substrate like a crust and relies on winds and animals for disperal, primarily using of isidia and soredia structures. On a small this species is sometimes used as wool or cotton dyes.
Chrysothrix Candelaris Links:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysothrix_candelaris.jpg
http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichens/chrysothrix_candelaris.html
http://lichens.science.oregonstate.edu/lab/flowchart.pdf
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52529
General Lichen Links
http://www.tropicallichens.net/1885.html
http://www.habitas.org.uk/lichenireland/introduction.html
Lichen Specimen 2: Myelochroa Galbina (Syn: Parmelina Galbina) “Smooth Axil-bristle lichen”
Figure1: Showing general size and habitat of Myelochroa Galbina image provided by (Stephen Sharnoff)
Figure 2: Thallus of Myelochroa Galbina on tree twig
Figure 2 : Showing smooth yet wrinkled surface of upper cortex (notice the trademark absence of cilia and soredia along margin, dark brown-black apothecia and isidia only occurring in older parts of the lichen)
Name: Myelochroa Galbina (Syn: Parmelina galbina) “Smooth Axil-bristle lichen”
Family: Parmeliaceae
Collection Date: September 13, 2011
Habitat: Tree twigs, tree bark in moist woody areas
Location: South Chagrin Reservation, Ohio
Description: Myelochroa galbina is a gray-green foliose lichen with narrow lobes and large apothecia with brown to black disks.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy.
Keying Steps:
KeyK: Foliose Lichens That are not umbilicate, jellow like or yellow
1. Lichens directly on wood, bark or rock..........17
17.Lobes over 3mm wide..........87
87.Lobes solid..............88
88. Thallus gray to greenish gray when dry.....103
103. Lower surface smooth, wrinkled, or rough but not tomentose or cottony; discrete rhizines usually well developed, photobiont green.......112
112 Lower surface pale to dark brown or black, sometimes blackened with white over small or large areas, but in such cases always brown to black in the oldest central area black or brown........114
114. Uppercortex K+ yellow, UV- or rarely K-, UV+ yellow; with or without cilia- like rhizines......115
115 Apothecia, when present; brown; spores colorless,, 10 celled........Parmelia Key pg 480
Key to Species Parmelia
1.Marginal Cilia or cilia-like rhizines absent......2
2.Lobes narrow to moderate, mostly under 5mm wide; thallus appressed......4
4.Cilia not bulbous at base, short or long......5
5.Isidia absent.......9
9.Rhizines unbranched........10;
10. Soredia or schizia absent medulla white white or pale yellow, apothecia abundant............12
12.rhizines more or less uniformly distributed; medulla PD- or PD+ orange.......13
13Eastern U.S. and adjacent canada; Medulla pale yellow, PD+ orange, K + yellow or red, C+ (galbinic acid)...........Myelochroa galbina
Ecology: Myelochroa galbina forms on the branches of deciduous plant, and forms a parasitic relationship with the plant.
Myelochroa galbina Links:
http://symbiota.org/nalichens//taxa/index.php?taxon=54503&cl=Lichens%20of%20Wisconsin
http://ohiomosslichen.org/Myelochroa_galbina.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/49147273@N04/6128357406/
General Lichen formation Links:
http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue16/identify.htm#6
http://data.gbif.org/species/15088382
http://symbiota.org/nalichens//taxa/googlemap.php?taxon=Myelochroa%20galbina&clid=1041
Lichen Specimen 3: Cladonia coniocraea (Common Powder Horn)
Figure 1showing Cladonia coniocraea growing at base of tree image provided by (AJ silverside)
Figure 2 showing Cladonia coniocraea upper cortex with partially sorediate podetia and basal thallus of primary squamules.
Figure 2 showing lower cortex with rhizines attached to tree bark as well as white medulla.
Name: Cladonia coniocraea (Common Powder Horn)
Family: Cladoniaceae
Collection Date: October 4, 2011
Habitat: Found growing in soil at base of deciduous tree.
Location: The West Woods Nature Center, Ohio
Description: The common Powder horn has a grey-green thallus with a slender podetia which tapers to a point at the apex then forms a very narrow cup (if any cup at all) no wider than the podetium. There is also soredia mostly occurring in the upper part of the podetia and the primary thalli are squamulose near base. The medulla of sqamules are white , but are sparsely sorediate margins and underside. The apothecia is, brown, and found on the tips of the podetia.
Keying information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
KeyA: Fruticose Lichens
1. Thallus pale greenish yellow, yellowish green, green, white, gray, brown, olive, or black
5.Thallus erect or prostrate (ie. basically growing upward, at least initially); most on the ground or on horizontal surfaces of rocks (includes lichens with upright stalks or podetia)...................28
28. Stalks or branches hollow, at least in part..........63
63.(28) Photobiont blue-green, thallus not olive brown; stalks over 2 mm high...............64
64.With a scaly or crustose basal thallus.........70
70. Primary thallus crustose, granular, not all squamulose............cladonia
Key Species (including Cladonia)
1.Podetia unbranched, or branched only once or twice..............25
25.Main thallus consisting of many podetia usually over 4 mm tall; with or without a basal thallus of primary squamules..........33
33.(71)Most of all podetia lacking cups........71
71 (33) podetia without soredia or granules..........72
72. Apothecia and picnidia brown........76
76.Soredia or granules at least covering upper half of podetia........77
77Podetia, more or less broken up with areoles, granules or soredia not smooth and continuous except sometimes very close to the base; soredia, granules or squamulose diffuse.......80
80. Primary thallus persistent; podetia under 25mm tall..........81
81.Primary squamules remaining discrete not granular........82
82.Podetia without a mixture of granules or microsquamules on the lower half, usually without apothecia; mainly absent from coastal plain......83
83.Thallus olive to dark green; podetia covered with either soredia or cortex; thallus PD+ red, UV- (fumarprotocetraic acid); temperate to boreal........84
84.Soredia entirely farinose, rarely granular in part, podetia covered with soredia except for a basal area, squamules typically large and rarely lobed...........Cladonia coniocreae
Ecology: The common powderhorn has a fruticose and squamulose lichen structure which is usually accompanied by a sorediate podetia and basal thallus of primary squamules. The spores are released at the top of the podetia and it relies on insects or wind for dispersal. It also provides home for microoganisms especially those found in the soil.
Cladonia coniocraea Links:
http://mushroomobserver.org/image/show_image/40020?q=9GmI&size=large
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53390
http://lichens.digitalmycology.com/macrolichens/Cladonia.html
http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Mushrooms/Lichens/Lichens
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensB/lic_img2/cladonia_coniocraea_3.jpg
General Lichen information Links:
http://eol.org/pages/1013418/overview
Lichen Specimen 4: Porpidia crustulata (Concentric Boulder Lichen)
Figure 1 showing Porpidia crustulata on side of igneous rock a South Chagrin Reservation.
Figure 2 Left showing black spotted apothecia and margins gray green of Porpidia crustulata on rock surface.
Figure 3:Right showing close up mag 53x of black apothecia (notice concave shape)
Name:Porpidia crustulata (Concentric Boulder Lichen)
Family: Porpidiaceae
Collection Date: September 13,2011
Habitat: found on the side of a large siliceous rock embankment
Location: South Chagrin Reservation, Ohio
Description: Flattened Crustose lichen with black apothecia which resemble cephalodia. Found on siliceous rocks and resembles a pale green pie with raisins.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
KeyD: Crustose Disk lichens
Key to species
1. Thallus gray................................2
2.On non calcerous rock; temperate to boreal; epihymenium brown to olive brown.........4
4. Apothecial disks black, not pruinose; apothecial margin the same color as the disk.....................5
5.Apothecial disk not brittle or radially cracked......6
6. Apothecia commonly 1-2.5 mm in diameter; hyemenium 60-75 (-100) mm high; spores 10-17 x 5-9 mm; cells thin sections) .........Porpidia crustulata
Ecology:Found on siliceous rocks and pebbles at higher elevations, very rarely on wood or bark, podetia black, concave and arranged in circles or lines.Found On rocks (basalt, gneiss, granite, rhyolite, sandstone and rarely limestone), bark of hardwoods, bark and wood of conifers from 120-850 m in southern California or 1250-3140 m in other Sonoran areas.
Porpidia crustulata Links:
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55333
http://www.lias.net/Taxa/Images/ImageArchive/Porpidia_crustulata.html
http://www.irishlichens.ie/pages-lichen/l-236.html
http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Flechten/Porpidia-crustulata-englisch.html
General Lichen formation Links:
http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/species/crust_porpidia_lichen/ct/r0/x6/
Lichen Specimen 5: Parmelia Flaventior Stirt. Flechtenbilder syn. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirton) Hale (Speckled Greensheild Lichen)
Figure 1: left-Morphology and Anatomy-showing upper cortex of folioise lichen;
Figure 2: right- showing lower cortex of lichen with presence of rhizines and jet black color with white breaks in between.
Name:Parmelia flaventior (Speckled Greenshield Lichen)
Family:Parmeliaceae
Collection Date: October 8, 2011
Habitat:Growing on lignified and wooden tree
Location: Hiram Field Station, OH
Description: Foliose with flattened, gray-green dorsal, pruinose thallus. The upper surface, brown, tan and ventral. The rhizines are conspicuous and brown, mostly scattered and near margins and there white maculate ares near lobe tips. This species is readily identified by its hyaline ovoid ascopores and its heavily pruinous, sorediate and isidiate centre while the margins tend to remain more smooth. It is greenish yellow to green in color and has medium to large lobes ranging from 6-9mm.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy.
Keying Steps:
1a.Thallus Foliose , More or less prostrate in Substratum
2a. Thallus Stratified, usually whitish mineral gray, yellowish green, orange, or brown with a white (rarely pigmented) medulla
8a. (1) Thallus (when
9b.Thallus foliose with a lower surface and rhizines, closely adenate to loosely attached on bark, rock or soil........14
14b.(9) Thallus not sorediate along lobe margins or on the surface...........15
15
23bThallus lacking isidia.....29
29bCollected on trees.......37
37bCollected in eastern and Southern United States........41
41bLobes broader, 2-5mm wide....42
42bMedulla white except turning pale or orange in Psuedoparmelia sphaerospora).....43
43a (42) Collected on pine trees in the Appalachian-Great Lakes Region........Parmelia Flaventior
Ecology:The genus name Flavopunctelia comes from the Latin "flavens" meaning ‘yellow or golden’ , and "punctum," for ‘point or dot’ referring to the white dots on the lobes. This showy lichen often grows in large eyecatching circles on aspen or spruce bark, or seen circling branches. It is often commonly mistaken with Flavopunctelia soredica which has a similar color, habitat, and C+ reaction for its inner fungal layer. However F. soredica has crescent marginal vegetative progagules and the less conspicuous white spots on upper lobes. (click the F. soredica to see the look-alike species)
Parmelia Flaventior Links:
F.soredica
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=904&bih=431&tbm=isch&tbnid=b7DhtcQlBJFPsM:&imgrefurl=
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54393
http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2391033
Lichen Links:
http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm
http://nhc.asu.edu/lherbarium/
Lichen Specimen 6: Lepraria incana (Fluffy dust lichen)
Figure 1.Showing Lepraria incana in natural habitat
Figure 2: Showing crustose Lepraria incana growing on bark of a tree
Figure 2: A Zoomed (mag 53x) image showing the isidiate structures of lichen
Name:Lepraria Incana (Fluffy Dust Lichen)
Family: Stereocaulaceae
Collection Date: September 13, 2011
Habitat:Found growing on wooden tree and on the side of boulders facing the the river
Location:South Chagrin Reservation, Ohio
Description: These have a characteristic light blue color mixed with white. They are crustose they have no ditinct upper and lower cortices and they have highly isidiate and sorediate psuedo foliose structures which make it appear to be dust.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:Hale, Mason E. , How to Know the Lichens, Second edition, WCB/Mc- Graw Hill, Boston, Massachusetts
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
1. Thallus not forming well developed, ascending, round lobes,hypothallus present or absent pannaric acid absent; on rock or other substrates............2
2. Thallus thick and cottony, never forming circular patches, but occasionally lobed, usually pale green to yellowish green, rarely greenish gray brownish hypothallus frequently present; on shaded rock, bark, or moss; thal;lus K+ yellow, PD+ orange (atanonin, stictic acid, and zeorin.......................Lepraria Lobificans (see additional note about Lepraria incana)
Additional note:Although the key came up with Lepraria Lobificans, an additional in note in the Mc-graw Hill keying steps explains further that "Lepraria Incana" is another dust lichen occurring on both rocks and bark however it is has a thinner bluish gray thallus (the collected sample was bluish gray) and contains zeorin and divartic acid" Also there is a third unnamed Lichen that is often that also resembles L. incana however this one contains atranonin and zeorin.
Ecology: Lepraria Incana is quite abundant in certain areas and sometimes on trees and rocks it is found competing for space with mosses and even algae.
Lepraria Incana Lichen Species Links:
http://eol.org/pages/295599/overview
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Mushrooms
http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensD/lepraria_incana.html
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52313
http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/lichenleprariaincana.htm
Lichen Specimen 7: Phaeophyscia adiastola (Powder-tipped shadow lichen) or (Wreath Lichen)
Figure 1.Showing Phaeophyscia adiastola growing on side of tree
Figure2: Showing thin lobed gray-green thallus and centrally isidiate structure of Phaeophyscia adiastola
Name:Phaeophyscia adiastola
Family: Physciaceae
Collection Date: October 8, 2011
Habitat: Found growing on lignified and wooden trees
Location:Westwoods Nature Center, Ohio
Description: The Powder-tipped shadow lichen is common and widespread in Ohio it has a dark greenish gray sometimes brown thallus which are very thin (1-2mm thick) and can be very rough especially around the end of the lobes where soredia can feel like isidia. The under surface has conspicuous black rhizines with white tips and apothecia are rare. The lower surface is black but is becomes paler towards the lobes.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:Hale, Mason E. , How to Know the Lichens, Second edition, WCB/Mc- Graw Hill, Boston, Massachusetts
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
1.Soredia present..............7
7. Rhizines sparse or abundant; thallus attached by rhizines, clearly foliose.......8
8. Lower surface and rhizines black......10
10. Medulla White.....11
11. Stiff tiny colorless hairs absent...12
12. Soredia greenish, granular to farinose, on the margins, on the margins and tips of the lobes margins; on bark or rocks..........13
13. Lobes 0,5-1.5 (-2) mm across; cilia-like rhizines very short.......14
14. Soredia on the upper the surface of the tips, or on expanded, turned-back lobe tips (lip-shaed soralia)......15
15. Soredia granular, usually in lip-shaped soralia at the lobe tips; Lobes 0.5-1 (-2) mm wide; on siliceous rock (eg. granite), or occasionally on bark..........Phaeophyscia adiastola
Ecology: On this narrow lobed species of rosette lichen a brownish color due to age and dryness tends to appear instead on the light gray or light green color it naturally has which is why some alternatively some call it "Brown Physcia". A close up of the thallus reveals very tiny silia and soredia. Physcia adiastola is also shade tolerant and is able to grow in slightly darker places than other lichens. It is also a very and intrusive species and may also be found growing amidst colonies of other lichen species.
Phaeophyscia adiastola Links:
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55082
http://mushroomobserver.org/name/show_name/6389
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa
http://books.google.com/books?id=YyS-hS15Ty4C&pg=PA539&lpg=PA539&\
Lichen Specimen 8: Usnea hirta syn Usnea vsarilosa (Shaggy Beard Lichen)
Figure 1: Showing Usnea Hirta in its natural habitat
Figure 2 showing close up isidiate thalli of Usnea hirta
Name:Usnea hirta (bristly beard lichen, shaggy beard lichen)
Family: Physciaceae
Collection Date: November 11, 2011
Habitat:Growing on lignified and wooden tree
Location:West Fork, Little Colorado River, (Near) Sheeps Crossing, AZ
Description: This is a fruticose lichen with branch like structures that resemble a shaggy beard hanging from trees or rocks. It is yellow to pale green in color with medium thick moderately branched podetia with isidia.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
1. Thallus growing in bushy tufts , from a single point or almost pendant........11
11. Thallus without podetia...........15
15. On trees or wood........17
17. Branches not constricted at base, more or less uniform at diameter..........20
20. Thallus cortex shades of yellowish green (usnic- yellow), not reddish...............21
21. Axis and medulla.......24
24. Isidia present, either directly on the branches or in soralia.......26
26. Branches ridgid , at least pretty angular in cross section, isidia present, not arguing from soralia; cortex thin and fragile...........Usnea hirta
Ecology Usnea hirta produces usnic acid which is harmful to many types of bacteria, particularly gram negative bacteria. Usnic acid also protects the lichen from any overexposure to sunlight. It also produces a bitter taste that prevents invertebrates from eating it. Usnea also has a number of medicinal uses for humans. It has mucilage that eases cough and exportant to help to expel mucus from lungs.
Usnea Hirta Links:
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-- Medicinal uses
http://www.ut.ee/ial5/k2n/key/usnea/u_hirta.html
http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54670
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dougcwaylett/2990284308/lightbox/
Lichen Specimen 9: Cladonia Parasitica (Fence Rail cladonia)
Figure 1 showing Cladonia Parasitica (Fence Rail cladonia) growing at the base of aspen tree image proveded by (Till Rosland)
Figure 2: Showing upper cortex with isidiate squamulose lichen accompanied with patches green nodules and a complete absence of podetia
Figure 3: Showing dark brown lower cortex and yellow medulla
Name:Cladonia parasitica (parasite Cup lichen) or (Fence Rail cladonia)
Family: Cladoniaceae
Collection Date: November 11, 2011
Habitat:Growing on bark of oak and maple trees
Location: Hiram Field Station, OH
Description: Densely packed squamulose structures that forms deep green colored nodules when wet. When dry forms grey crust-like mats.They usually form on the water logged or rotting part of the barks and roots of plants. The squamule surfaces are usually granularly sorediate to squamulose or rugose.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
1. Podetia unbranched, or branched only once or twice......25
25. Main thallus consisting of many podetia, usually over a mm tall; with or without a basal thallus or primary squamules........38
33. Most or all podetia laking cups......71
71. Podetia without soredia or granules......85
85. Thallus not yellowish (usnic acid).....92
92 Primary thallus persistent..........99
99. Apothecia brown.......101
101. Podetia mostly 3-40mm tall, with or without a cortex.......102
102) Growing on wood or bark......103
103) Primary Squamules granular at the margins, often reducing the primary thallus to granular crust; thallus PD+ orange. K+ deep yellow (thalnomic acid).........Cladonia Parasitica
Ecology
Cladonia Parasitica is often easily mistaken with other species of cladonia or otherwise overlooked because it is usually without podetia. However this is the only Cladonia to form these complex nodules on wood. Cladonia parasitica is often called "Fence-Rail Cladonia" for this reason. It also contains two algal photosymbionts, Trebouxia and Asterchloris.
Cladonia Parasitica links
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=EbO&-C. parasitica in natural habitat
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=bIj&
http://www.azfungi.org/record/record/records?getclassification=Cladoniaceae&passtorecord=Cladonia+parasitica
Lichen Specimen 10 : Lecanora thysanophora (Mapledust lichen)
Figure1: .showing full view of maple dust lichen with distinct white prothallus
Figure 2: Showing close up crustose lecanora thysanoshpora on a tree bark
Name:Lecanora thysanophora " Maple Dust Lichen"
Family: Lecanoraceae
Collection Date: November 11, 2011
Habitat:Growing on bark of oak tree
Location: (deciduos trees near) Hiram College Campus, OH
Description: Lecanora thysanophora is pale yellow to greenish. It is thin and powdery looking, and may appear as a continuous coating, or be divided into patches. It is often scaly with two or more bluish green zones of hyphae it has a distinct white fibrous band, the prothallus that borders the lichen. The prothallus is distinct although only locally developed. It also has soralia that is discrete at first but tend to aggregate at the center.
Collector: Stefan Gordon
Keying Information:
Keyed using Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, Stephen Sharnoff (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press/ New Haven and London, Italy
Keying Steps:
1. Growing on bark, wood, mosses or dead vegetation......1
2. Thallus within substrate, absent from view, or indistinct...........3
6 (2) Thallus leprose, greenish yellow or yellow- green , with a well developed white, fibrous prothallus; apothecia rare.......Lecanora thysanophora
Ecology
Lecanora thysanophora R.C. Harris is a common lichen in North Eastern America and is most often found as sterile corticular crusts, however it can also be found growing along streams, (those found near streams tend to have more apothecia). Besides being distinct in the field by it usually conspicuous white ring it also distinct chemically as it contains usnic acid, zeorin and other poryphilic acids. It also contains the algal photosymbiont, trebouxia.
Lecanora thysanophora links
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-
http://www.wisconsinmushrooms.com/LecanoraThysanophora.html
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-
References
J Dean, (2008, May 7). Mustard Powder Lichen: Map [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://maps.thefullwiki.org/Mustard_Powder_lichen
Harris Richard C., (2000), Lecanora thysanphora a common lichen in Eastern North America, Cryptogammic Herbarium, New York Botannical Garden, Bronx New York, 10458-5126, U.S.A.
Walewski Joe,( 2007) : Lichens of the North Woods, Kollath and Stensaas Publishing,
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